Which of the following factors does NOT affect changes in demand?

The factor that does not affect changes in demand is technology in production. This is because demand is primarily influenced by consumer preferences and market conditions rather than the methods by which products are produced.

Price of substitute goods affects demand since if the price of a substitute rises, consumers may shift their preference to the relatively cheaper option. Similarly, trends and attitudes directly influence consumer behavior, altering what they are willing to buy at various price points. Population growth increases the number of potential consumers in the market, typically leading to a rise in demand for goods and services.

Technology in production, while vital for determining the supply side of the market and possibly influencing prices, does not directly impact consumer demand itself. Instead, it plays a role in how efficiently products are made and can lead to changes in supply curves, rather than shifts in demand curves.